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# Reality Is Not What It Seems: The Journey to Quantum Gravity

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Review: Quantum Leap in Clarity - I read Carlo Rovelli’s book about quantum gravity (for the first time, it will take me a few goes, at least, to get all that is in it.) He is quite a good writer and this book, like his seven lessons in physics, is clear and extremely literate (I imagine he wrote it in Italian, but the English is smooth and demotic and lucid. It is a pleasure to read, which is not the norm in books that try to explain physics to non-specialists; God help the guy who tries to read the specialist literature. After a review from Democritus to Einstein et al, he gives us three big conclusions. At the smallest level, the universe is granular, relational, and indeterminate. He makes some other amazing statements like that ‘time’ disappears at this level and that things only exist when they collide into each other (or as ‘events’ as he puts it.) I have a notion about these other statements, but I have to determine if I understand the big three first. Everything (like Democritus and Feynman told us) is made of “atoms” or actually irreducible ‘quanta.’ Each of which is a unit of stuff that cannot be further divided; matter is not infinitely divisible (NB; big point.) Eventually, you get to a tight-pack of Plank scale bits of somethingness that all fit together. They in their constellation are gravity, space, and at bottom, everything else. There is no overarching, organizing anything outside these quanta. Time is absolutely a characteristic of the situation of the observer and the variable being measured “in” or as “time;” it measures differently at different altitudes and in different circumstances of proximity to matter and because of other factors. There are times all over the place and they do not generalize. At the level of the granular quanta, it disappears as a factor entirely. The stuff of the universe is not strictly determined in terms of how things interact and the results of any given intervention in it. We can pretty much depend on certain things happening as if by cause and effect on the macro level, but on the basic level, you get all kinds of stuff going on that is not absolutely predictable based on the setting conditions. This is the quantum probability/uncertainty thing, but it has to be understood in one of two ways; either it means our tools or our theory is inadequate and we don’t understand what is going on entirely, or the way the universe works is not determined by rules associated with forces, etc., and compatible with mathematics but instead things do their own thing, which usually results in rule governed outcomes, but doesn’t always. I am here confronted with the issue of the void that keeps on giving me a problem; there is no such thing as nothing and stuff cannot move around in it. Nothing cannot function either as a nominative, nor accusative, nor prepositional object in a sentence relating to stuff that exists except insofar as it is used to designate and absence that serves no purpose (e.g. “nothing happened,” or “you know nothing,” or “it is surrounded by nothing,” none of which are statements to be taken literally.) Therefore, matter cannot be conceptualized as floating around or moving in nothing or a ‘void’ (which is either nothing something and cannot function as both.) Democritus knew this right at the start; “space” he explained both is and isn’t nothing. He was just being gnomic and communicating that his atomic theory needed more work. If that is so, and how can you say anything else and be sane? Then certain conclusions follow. The quanta, for example, that make up everything are the whole show. There is nothing else in the cosmos but them, configured as they be. They are not in nothing (the statement doesn’t mean anything.) Nor are they in ‘space’ since they are space. They are not held together by gravity because they are gravity. More to the point, they are not held together by gravity because they are not “held together” at all. Since there is only these quanta irreducible and adhesive upon each other, they relate to no other cohesive force, they just are together with nowhere else to go. That means the quanta do not move; they cannot. There would have to be some medium of environment into which they could go and there isn’t anything but they themselves. They are irreducible so they cannot split into smaller chunks to let others slither through them. Since there is nothing but them, they have no interstices; there isn’t anything else in the cosmos that could come between them. Thus, you have inseparable grains and nothing else and these grains are where they are in relation to each other, but there is no force or principle or anything else that affects them all, like time or gravity or space or motion. They are not determined by any law or cause or force because no such thing exists outside of them (I am deliberately repetitious because the notion blows my mind.) For that reason, the prediction of occurrences among them is hit or miss. This is the part the author doesn’t exactly state, but if I am following him, the cosmos works something like this: There is no Aristotelian/Newtonian ‘time’ at the level of the quanta, but they configure according to the warped, curved, four-dimensional morphology of space-time. That is to say the that way the quanta fit together is not only according to the three axes of a prism, but also in relationships of sequence within the prism’s extension. That means that the entirety of the universe, including what we call past and present and future exists with all the quanta co-existent in all parts of space-time. Should this be the state of play of the cosmos, and I believe it is both in general relativity and in Rovelli’s construction (he calls it “loop” theory to distinguish it from the feckless “string” theory he deprecates) then, there is no determinacy or any causes or effects or any changes at all; just all the bits configured exactly how they are and the positions they have relative to each other and the observer are not caused by anything but just are. So, the discoveries of things are like looking at a map of twelve inches by six inches but only being able to see it a centimeter at a time from the left-hand margin. You guess what is coming in the next centimeter(s) based on what you already have seen of the terrain on the map, but a sink-hole or an inexplicable mountain peak can turn up on the map that relates to nothing else on the landscape, it is just there. The cosmos is like that; things don’t pop in and out of existence; the quanta that are there are just the quanta that are there, the observer has inferred the quark or electron out of stuff that he saw in one part of the map, but it isn’t to be inferred as in the next slice because the (existing) configuration of space-time just isn’t like that. The notion that only events exist is basically pretty anthropomorphic if you ask me, almost solipsistic. You only measure something by looking at it, which is a kind of collision. Since you cannot talk about things you cannot measure, only measured things exist according to this view. I think we can stretch and hazard that stuff exists even when not being measured, but I think the point is precious and not all that interesting. Change is something the observer infers when he looks over the cosmos along a sequence of space-time and mistakes the irreducible quanta, each of which is a grain that extends the Plank scale in ALL FOUR dimensions, as continuous, surviving unities across time. Parmenides knew this. Goedel understood this too, which is why he said that time travel is not a silly idea. As Einstein said, all parts of the cosmos are always available to the observer. They are all co-existent, which means they are all made of different stuff. Continuity is mental construction of the imaginative observer. (You can ask Descartes how the observer arises from these quanta and you will get an answer no more satisfactory than one I can give you, but consciousness is no more extraordinary than any of the rest of this stuff.) If I am right, and this is what the professor is saying, then what a great book since it made something quite clear to me that I had not understood hitherto. If I misunderstood it all (like I usually do) then I cannot blame him, and I still really enjoyed the book.
Review: Loop Quantum Gravity delivered in Hawking's lucid science writing style - This book offers an exceptionally clear presentation of Loop Quantum Gravity(LQG) by one of its founding proponent Carlo Rovelli. It is written in Hawking style of lucid and engaging prose. It was a pleasurable read, which is a science writing achievement for a very unintuitive theory requiring you to do away with space time. The idea of doing away with space and time is probably the hardest thing for the reader to comprehend, but Rovelli did a stellar job of leading his readers through. Similar to many science books that explains a new theory, the author recaps a history of physics that has bearing to his project. Rovelli begins with Anaximander, Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, Archimedes to Newton and Einstein in part one of the book. It is delightful reading. But if you don't want to get through all that history again, you can start from part II beginning with general relativity and quantum mechanics. It is advisable to read through his relational view of Quantum mechanics because his LQG uses a relational view of reality. Rovelli sees quantum mechanics as describing quantum states of "interacting particles" (only a relationship, not as strong as entanglement). Quantum state arises from particle interacting with each other. He also sees information of quantum states as finite. The presentation of LQG is between chapter 5 to 7. LQG suggests space is made up of quanta of gravitational field. So quanta is more fundamental than space. The quanta is a node that can connect to another node or quanta by links or field lines. In LQG, space is replaced by quanta of gravitational field in a granular structure. A graph which represents how the quantas of gravitational field are connected is a spin network. This spin network is what space consists in. Not only is space is replaced. Time is also replaced by variables of activity such as heart beat, pulse, or pendulum swing. The notion of time flows by itself is less useful than noticing passage of activities such as beat or pendulum swing instantiating in the real world. Activities in the universe is more direct measure of the passage of reality. Using quanta of gravity and variables of activity, LQG presents a new representation of reality using gravity and quantum mechanics to replace space-time. When quantum mechanics is involved, events instantiate under probability and actual quantum event fluctuations. Reality is hence once again contingent upon relation of activities. Rovelli further presents the application of LQG by using it to study black holes. Heat dissipated in Hawking Radiation can be studied by the spin network that describes the gravitational field on the horizon of the black hole. Another use of LQG is to assess the black hole collapse. Quantum fluctuation and repulsion prevent collapsing to infinite pressure but offers it to bounce out. This approach is brought over to modeling the Big Bang suggesting that the initial explosion to be a big bounce from quantum fluctuation, not unlike the negative potential of Linde and Vilenkin inflation model. This book brings the reader through a journey to reconceptialise their reality in quanta of gravity, spin network and spin foam. It is conceptually challenging but Rovelli's lucid and engaging narrative made it fun and worthwhile.

## Technical Specifications

| Specification | Value |
|---------------|-------|
| Best Sellers Rank | #21,386 in Books ( See Top 100 in Books ) #1 in Waves & Wave Mechanics (Books) #2 in Physics of Gravity (Books) #7 in Quantum Theory (Books) |
| Customer Reviews | 4.6 out of 5 stars 4,677 Reviews |

## Images

![Reality Is Not What It Seems: The Journey to Quantum Gravity - Image 1](https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/81oiDBb9kXL.jpg)

## Customer Reviews

### ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Quantum Leap in Clarity
*by F***N on May 28, 2018*

I read Carlo Rovelli’s book about quantum gravity (for the first time, it will take me a few goes, at least, to get all that is in it.) He is quite a good writer and this book, like his seven lessons in physics, is clear and extremely literate (I imagine he wrote it in Italian, but the English is smooth and demotic and lucid. It is a pleasure to read, which is not the norm in books that try to explain physics to non-specialists; God help the guy who tries to read the specialist literature. After a review from Democritus to Einstein et al, he gives us three big conclusions. At the smallest level, the universe is granular, relational, and indeterminate. He makes some other amazing statements like that ‘time’ disappears at this level and that things only exist when they collide into each other (or as ‘events’ as he puts it.) I have a notion about these other statements, but I have to determine if I understand the big three first. Everything (like Democritus and Feynman told us) is made of “atoms” or actually irreducible ‘quanta.’ Each of which is a unit of stuff that cannot be further divided; matter is not infinitely divisible (NB; big point.) Eventually, you get to a tight-pack of Plank scale bits of somethingness that all fit together. They in their constellation are gravity, space, and at bottom, everything else. There is no overarching, organizing anything outside these quanta. Time is absolutely a characteristic of the situation of the observer and the variable being measured “in” or as “time;” it measures differently at different altitudes and in different circumstances of proximity to matter and because of other factors. There are times all over the place and they do not generalize. At the level of the granular quanta, it disappears as a factor entirely. The stuff of the universe is not strictly determined in terms of how things interact and the results of any given intervention in it. We can pretty much depend on certain things happening as if by cause and effect on the macro level, but on the basic level, you get all kinds of stuff going on that is not absolutely predictable based on the setting conditions. This is the quantum probability/uncertainty thing, but it has to be understood in one of two ways; either it means our tools or our theory is inadequate and we don’t understand what is going on entirely, or the way the universe works is not determined by rules associated with forces, etc., and compatible with mathematics but instead things do their own thing, which usually results in rule governed outcomes, but doesn’t always. I am here confronted with the issue of the void that keeps on giving me a problem; there is no such thing as nothing and stuff cannot move around in it. Nothing cannot function either as a nominative, nor accusative, nor prepositional object in a sentence relating to stuff that exists except insofar as it is used to designate and absence that serves no purpose (e.g. “nothing happened,” or “you know nothing,” or “it is surrounded by nothing,” none of which are statements to be taken literally.) Therefore, matter cannot be conceptualized as floating around or moving in nothing or a ‘void’ (which is either nothing something and cannot function as both.) Democritus knew this right at the start; “space” he explained both is and isn’t nothing. He was just being gnomic and communicating that his atomic theory needed more work. If that is so, and how can you say anything else and be sane? Then certain conclusions follow. The quanta, for example, that make up everything are the whole show. There is nothing else in the cosmos but them, configured as they be. They are not in nothing (the statement doesn’t mean anything.) Nor are they in ‘space’ since they are space. They are not held together by gravity because they are gravity. More to the point, they are not held together by gravity because they are not “held together” at all. Since there is only these quanta irreducible and adhesive upon each other, they relate to no other cohesive force, they just are together with nowhere else to go. That means the quanta do not move; they cannot. There would have to be some medium of environment into which they could go and there isn’t anything but they themselves. They are irreducible so they cannot split into smaller chunks to let others slither through them. Since there is nothing but them, they have no interstices; there isn’t anything else in the cosmos that could come between them. Thus, you have inseparable grains and nothing else and these grains are where they are in relation to each other, but there is no force or principle or anything else that affects them all, like time or gravity or space or motion. They are not determined by any law or cause or force because no such thing exists outside of them (I am deliberately repetitious because the notion blows my mind.) For that reason, the prediction of occurrences among them is hit or miss. This is the part the author doesn’t exactly state, but if I am following him, the cosmos works something like this: There is no Aristotelian/Newtonian ‘time’ at the level of the quanta, but they configure according to the warped, curved, four-dimensional morphology of space-time. That is to say the that way the quanta fit together is not only according to the three axes of a prism, but also in relationships of sequence within the prism’s extension. That means that the entirety of the universe, including what we call past and present and future exists with all the quanta co-existent in all parts of space-time. Should this be the state of play of the cosmos, and I believe it is both in general relativity and in Rovelli’s construction (he calls it “loop” theory to distinguish it from the feckless “string” theory he deprecates) then, there is no determinacy or any causes or effects or any changes at all; just all the bits configured exactly how they are and the positions they have relative to each other and the observer are not caused by anything but just are. So, the discoveries of things are like looking at a map of twelve inches by six inches but only being able to see it a centimeter at a time from the left-hand margin. You guess what is coming in the next centimeter(s) based on what you already have seen of the terrain on the map, but a sink-hole or an inexplicable mountain peak can turn up on the map that relates to nothing else on the landscape, it is just there. The cosmos is like that; things don’t pop in and out of existence; the quanta that are there are just the quanta that are there, the observer has inferred the quark or electron out of stuff that he saw in one part of the map, but it isn’t to be inferred as in the next slice because the (existing) configuration of space-time just isn’t like that. The notion that only events exist is basically pretty anthropomorphic if you ask me, almost solipsistic. You only measure something by looking at it, which is a kind of collision. Since you cannot talk about things you cannot measure, only measured things exist according to this view. I think we can stretch and hazard that stuff exists even when not being measured, but I think the point is precious and not all that interesting. Change is something the observer infers when he looks over the cosmos along a sequence of space-time and mistakes the irreducible quanta, each of which is a grain that extends the Plank scale in ALL FOUR dimensions, as continuous, surviving unities across time. Parmenides knew this. Goedel understood this too, which is why he said that time travel is not a silly idea. As Einstein said, all parts of the cosmos are always available to the observer. They are all co-existent, which means they are all made of different stuff. Continuity is mental construction of the imaginative observer. (You can ask Descartes how the observer arises from these quanta and you will get an answer no more satisfactory than one I can give you, but consciousness is no more extraordinary than any of the rest of this stuff.) If I am right, and this is what the professor is saying, then what a great book since it made something quite clear to me that I had not understood hitherto. If I misunderstood it all (like I usually do) then I cannot blame him, and I still really enjoyed the book.

### ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Loop Quantum Gravity delivered in Hawking's lucid science writing style
*by P***E on August 26, 2023*

This book offers an exceptionally clear presentation of Loop Quantum Gravity(LQG) by one of its founding proponent Carlo Rovelli. It is written in Hawking style of lucid and engaging prose. It was a pleasurable read, which is a science writing achievement for a very unintuitive theory requiring you to do away with space time. The idea of doing away with space and time is probably the hardest thing for the reader to comprehend, but Rovelli did a stellar job of leading his readers through. Similar to many science books that explains a new theory, the author recaps a history of physics that has bearing to his project. Rovelli begins with Anaximander, Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, Archimedes to Newton and Einstein in part one of the book. It is delightful reading. But if you don't want to get through all that history again, you can start from part II beginning with general relativity and quantum mechanics. It is advisable to read through his relational view of Quantum mechanics because his LQG uses a relational view of reality. Rovelli sees quantum mechanics as describing quantum states of "interacting particles" (only a relationship, not as strong as entanglement). Quantum state arises from particle interacting with each other. He also sees information of quantum states as finite. The presentation of LQG is between chapter 5 to 7. LQG suggests space is made up of quanta of gravitational field. So quanta is more fundamental than space. The quanta is a node that can connect to another node or quanta by links or field lines. In LQG, space is replaced by quanta of gravitational field in a granular structure. A graph which represents how the quantas of gravitational field are connected is a spin network. This spin network is what space consists in. Not only is space is replaced. Time is also replaced by variables of activity such as heart beat, pulse, or pendulum swing. The notion of time flows by itself is less useful than noticing passage of activities such as beat or pendulum swing instantiating in the real world. Activities in the universe is more direct measure of the passage of reality. Using quanta of gravity and variables of activity, LQG presents a new representation of reality using gravity and quantum mechanics to replace space-time. When quantum mechanics is involved, events instantiate under probability and actual quantum event fluctuations. Reality is hence once again contingent upon relation of activities. Rovelli further presents the application of LQG by using it to study black holes. Heat dissipated in Hawking Radiation can be studied by the spin network that describes the gravitational field on the horizon of the black hole. Another use of LQG is to assess the black hole collapse. Quantum fluctuation and repulsion prevent collapsing to infinite pressure but offers it to bounce out. This approach is brought over to modeling the Big Bang suggesting that the initial explosion to be a big bounce from quantum fluctuation, not unlike the negative potential of Linde and Vilenkin inflation model. This book brings the reader through a journey to reconceptialise their reality in quanta of gravity, spin network and spin foam. It is conceptually challenging but Rovelli's lucid and engaging narrative made it fun and worthwhile.

### ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Brings clarity to the incomprehensible.
*by N***B on February 12, 2017*

Review of: “REALITY IS NOT WHAT IT SEEMS” by Carlo Rovelli For those who have an even casual interest in modern physics or “science” this is a truly remarkable book. Rovelli is able to take highly complex problems and express them in a way which can make them accessible to even those who think that mathematics is simply something you use to figure out how much change you should get at the supermarket or doing the highly difficult calculation of how much to tip on a restaurant bill. Over the years I have read literally dozens of books written for the nonscientist about special and general relativity, quantum mechanics, Brane theory, String Theory, Information Theory and quantum loop gravity. This is the first time I have encountered one which makes some real sense about these abstract concepts and clearly answers a question which has bothered me throughout this quest for knowledge: Is there such a thing as quantum time or is time simply a construct, an invention we use to measure the concurrence between different events. Spoiler Alert. Not only does quantum time exist it appears to be a requirement for healing the conflict between relativity and quantum mechanics. As most readers are aware Einstein’s theories of both general and special relativity are remarkably accurate and have passed every test to which they have been subjected as long as they apply to very large things. Quantum mechanics, the strange physics of the very small, is also exceedingly accurate in its predictions as long as it stays within its “range.” However these two great theories fail miserably when combined. This failure results from the combined mathematics giving results that result in answers that are infinite. A big no no in both mathematics and reality. According to Rovelli this can be overcome by the basic understanding that all “things” are quantized. That is there is a smallest possible size for the most basic of concepts including space and time. You may of heard about something called Zeno’s paradox. This can be stated in many ways but let’s take something that we do every day. Most of us when we get out of bed go to the bathroom. A rather basic task, which some may find harder than others to achieve and yet we are almost always able to achieve that goal. So what is paradoxical about that? Well when I get up in order to get to the bathroom I have to go half way say to my chair. That seems easy enough. But then from my chair I once more have to go half way to my final goal, the bathroom. So far I am seem to be doing okay, but am I? Now, unfortunately, I start thinking; how many half ways are there from the point I have reached to that elusive bathroom? Oh oh I exclaim I can keep on cutting this distance in half an infinite number or times. If so not only can I not reach the bathroom I could not have even begun to get out of bed, the initial place I began. What’s the solution? Am I forever stuck at one place and if not why not. The solution is the quantum of space. Space itself cannot be infinitely divided in half because there is indeed a smallest piece of space which is called the Plank length or unit. The Plank unit is very, very small but is greater than zero or in other words finite. No matter how hard I try to divide this unit it stays the same length and the concept of half of it is impossible and I am therefore not bound by infinity of lengths. I am free to do one of my most basic obligations of the day. Well if there is indeed a smallest possible piece of space how about time. Most of us have heard about the concept of space time. I had until recently mistakenly believed that the concept of space time was an invention of Einstein. It was actually proposed by another mathematician, Minkowski and is therefore referred to as Minkowski’s space time. The rational for this is highly complex but if this postulate had a bearing on reality could time itself actually be quantized. That would mean that time is not simply a way of measuring things but has a physical reality as well. I assume by now you have guessed that indeed there in a quantum of time beyond which there is no way to divide time. That length of time is the time it takes for a photon traveling at the speed of light (c) to travel on plank unit. A very, very, very small bit of time but a bit that is indeed finite. Thus we have removed from the equations of physics the two things that have always been considered infinite and make them finite. The result is that there are no infinities no matter what the conditions are in the universe, everything is finite. Whether at the Big Bank itself or at any place in the universe there are no infinities only finites are allowed. If you are interested in an accessible (understandable) description of how this comes about read Reality Is Not What It Seems. I doubt this will change anything in my life or yours except that I sleep better since I no longer have to worry about not being able to get to the bathroom the next morning.

## Frequently Bought Together

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